Liên kết ngoài Donald_J.

x t s Người đoạt giải Nobel hóa học
1901–1925	1901 Jacobus van 't Hoff 1902 Emil Fischer 1903 Svante Arrhenius 1904 William Ramsay 1905 Adolf von Baeyer 1906 Henri Moissan 1907 Eduard Buchner 1908 Ernest Rutherford 1909 Wilhelm Ostwald 1910 Otto Wallach 1911 Marie Curie 1912 Victor Grignard / Paul Sabatier 1913 Alfred Werner 1914 Theodore Richards 1915 Richard Willstätter 1916 1917 1918 Fritz Haber 1919 1920 Walther Nernst 1921 Frederick Soddy 1922 Francis Aston 1923 Fritz Pregl 1924 1925 Richard Zsigmondy
1926–1950	1926 Theodor Svedberg 1927 Heinrich Wieland 1928 Adolf Windaus 1929 Arthur Harden / Hans von Euler-Chelpin 1930 Hans Fischer 1931 Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius 1932 Irving Langmuir 1933 1934 Harold Urey 1935 Frédéric Joliot-Curie / Irène Joliot-Curie 1936 Peter Debye 1937 Norman Haworth / Paul Karrer 1938 Richard Kuhn 1939 Adolf Butenandt / Leopold Ružička 1940 1941 1942 1943 George de Hevesy 1944 Otto Hahn 1945 Artturi Virtanen 1946 James B. Sumner / John Northrop / Wendell Meredith Stanley 1947 Robert Robinson 1948 Arne Tiselius 1949 William Giauque 1950 Otto Diels / Kurt Alder
1951–1975	1951 Edwin McMillan / Glenn T. Seaborg 1952 Archer Martin / Richard Synge 1953 Hermann Staudinger 1954 Linus Pauling 1955 Vincent du Vigneaud 1956 Cyril Hinshelwood / Nikolay Semyonov 1957 Alexander Todd 1958 Frederick Sanger 1959 Jaroslav Heyrovský 1960 Willard Libby 1961 Melvin Calvin 1962 Max Perutz / John Kendrew 1963 Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta 1964 Dorothy Hodgkin 1965 Robert Woodward 1966 Robert S. Mulliken 1967 Manfred Eigen / Ronald Norrish / George Porter 1968 Lars Onsager 1969 Derek Barton / Odd Hassel 1970 Luis Federico Leloir 1971 Gerhard Herzberg 1972 Christian B. Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William Stein 1973 Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson 1974 Paul Flory 1975 John Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog
1976–2000	1976 William Lipscomb 1977 Ilya Prigogine 1978 Peter D. Mitchell 1979 Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig 1980 Paul Berg / Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger 1981 Fukui Kenichi / Roald Hoffmann 1982 Aaron Klug 1983 Henry Taube 1984 Robert Merrifield 1985 Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle 1986 Dudley R. Herschbach / Lý Viễn Triết / John Polanyi 1987 Donald J. Cram / Jean-Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen 1988 Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel 1989 Sidney Altman / Thomas Cech 1990 Elias Corey 1991 Richard R. Ernst 1992 Rudolph A. Marcus 1993 Kary Mullis / Michael Smith 1994 George Olah 1995 Paul J. Crutzen / Mario J. Molina / F. Sherwood Rowland 1996 Robert Curl / Harold Kroto / Richard Smalley 1997 Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens Christian Skou 1998 Walter Kohn / John Pople 1999 Ahmed Zewail 2000 Alan J. Heeger / Alan MacDiarmid / Shirakawa Hideki
2001–nay	2001 William Knowles / Noyori Ryōji / K. Barry Sharpless 2002 John B. Fenn / Tanaka Kōichi / Kurt Wüthrich 2003 Peter Agre / Roderick MacKinnon 2004 Aaron Ciechanover / Avram Hershko / Irwin Rose 2005 Robert H. Grubbs / Richard R. Schrock / Yves Chauvin 2006 Roger D. Kornberg 2007 Gerhard Ertl 2008 Shimomura Osamu / Martin Chalfie / Roger Y. Tsien 2009 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan / Thomas A. Steitz / Ada E. Yonath 2010 Richard F. Heck / Suzuki Akira / Negishi Eiichi 2011 Dan Shechtman 2012 Robert Lefkowitz / Brian Kobilka 2013 Martin Karplus / Michael Levitt / Arieh Warshel 2014 Eric Betzig / Stefan Hell / William E. Moerner 2015 Tomas Lindahl / Paul L. Modrich / Aziz Sancar 2016 Jean-Pierre Sauvage / Fraser Stoddart / Ben Feringa 2017 Jacques Dubochet / Joachim Frank / Richard Henderson 2018 Frances Arnold / Greg Winter / George Smith 2019 Yoshino Akira / John B. Goodenough / M. Stanley Whittingham 2020 Emmanuelle Charpentier / Jennifer Doudna

Người đoạt giải Nobel hóa học

1901–1925

1926–1950

1926 Theodor Svedberg
1927 Heinrich Wieland
1928 Adolf Windaus
1929 Arthur Harden / Hans von Euler-Chelpin
1930 Hans Fischer
1931 Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius
1932 Irving Langmuir
1933
1934 Harold Urey
1935 Frédéric Joliot-Curie / Irène Joliot-Curie
1936 Peter Debye
1937 Norman Haworth / Paul Karrer
1938 Richard Kuhn
1939 Adolf Butenandt / Leopold Ružička
1940
1941
1942
1943 George de Hevesy
1944 Otto Hahn
1945 Artturi Virtanen
1946 James B. Sumner / John Northrop / Wendell Meredith Stanley
1947 Robert Robinson
1948 Arne Tiselius
1949 William Giauque
1950 Otto Diels / Kurt Alder

1951–1975

1951 Edwin McMillan / Glenn T. Seaborg
1952 Archer Martin / Richard Synge
1953 Hermann Staudinger
1954 Linus Pauling
1955 Vincent du Vigneaud
1956 Cyril Hinshelwood / Nikolay Semyonov
1957 Alexander Todd
1958 Frederick Sanger
1959 Jaroslav Heyrovský
1960 Willard Libby
1961 Melvin Calvin
1962 Max Perutz / John Kendrew
1963 Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta
1964 Dorothy Hodgkin
1965 Robert Woodward
1966 Robert S. Mulliken
1967 Manfred Eigen / Ronald Norrish / George Porter
1968 Lars Onsager
1969 Derek Barton / Odd Hassel
1970 Luis Federico Leloir
1971 Gerhard Herzberg
1972 Christian B. Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William Stein
1973 Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson
1974 Paul Flory
1975 John Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog

1976–2000

1976 William Lipscomb
1977 Ilya Prigogine
1978 Peter D. Mitchell
1979 Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig
1980 Paul Berg / Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger
1981 Fukui Kenichi / Roald Hoffmann
1982 Aaron Klug
1983 Henry Taube
1984 Robert Merrifield
1985 Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle
1986 Dudley R. Herschbach / Lý Viễn Triết / John Polanyi
1987 Donald J. Cram / Jean-Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen
1988 Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel
1989 Sidney Altman / Thomas Cech
1990 Elias Corey
1991 Richard R. Ernst
1992 Rudolph A. Marcus
1993 Kary Mullis / Michael Smith
1994 George Olah
1995 Paul J. Crutzen / Mario J. Molina / F. Sherwood Rowland
1996 Robert Curl / Harold Kroto / Richard Smalley
1997 Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens Christian Skou
1998 Walter Kohn / John Pople
1999 Ahmed Zewail
2000 Alan J. Heeger / Alan MacDiarmid / Shirakawa Hideki

2001–nay

2001 William Knowles / Noyori Ryōji / K. Barry Sharpless
2002 John B. Fenn / Tanaka Kōichi / Kurt Wüthrich
2003 Peter Agre / Roderick MacKinnon
2004 Aaron Ciechanover / Avram Hershko / Irwin Rose
2005 Robert H. Grubbs / Richard R. Schrock / Yves Chauvin
2006 Roger D. Kornberg
2007 Gerhard Ertl
2008 Shimomura Osamu / Martin Chalfie / Roger Y. Tsien
2009 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan / Thomas A. Steitz / Ada E. Yonath
2010 Richard F. Heck / Suzuki Akira / Negishi Eiichi
2011 Dan Shechtman
2012 Robert Lefkowitz / Brian Kobilka
2013 Martin Karplus / Michael Levitt / Arieh Warshel
2014 Eric Betzig / Stefan Hell / William E. Moerner
2015 Tomas Lindahl / Paul L. Modrich / Aziz Sancar
2016 Jean-Pierre Sauvage / Fraser Stoddart / Ben Feringa
2017 Jacques Dubochet / Joachim Frank / Richard Henderson
2018 Frances Arnold / Greg Winter / George Smith
2019 Yoshino Akira / John B. Goodenough / M. Stanley Whittingham
2020 Emmanuelle Charpentier / Jennifer Doudna

Dữ liệu nhân vật
TÊN	Cram, Donald J.
TÊN KHÁC
TÓM TẮT
NGÀY SINH	ngày 22 tháng 4 năm 1919
NƠI SINH	Chester, Vermont
NGÀY MẤT	ngày 17 tháng 6 năm 2001
NƠI MẤT	Palm Desert, California

Dữ liệu nhân vật

TÊN

Cram, Donald J.

TÊN KHÁC

TÓM TẮT

NGÀY SINH

ngày 22 tháng 4 năm 1919

NƠI SINH

Chester, Vermont

NGÀY MẤT

ngày 17 tháng 6 năm 2001

NƠI MẤT